Accounting Fraud: Or How To Cook The Books And Avoid Investigation

The Historical Cost Concept Accounting Principle

Imagine, for a moment, trying to read a financial statement that had listed assets such as: cash $5,000; 14 boxes of oranges; 25 boxes of apples; 1000 board feet of lumber; 3 acres of land; and, 8 machines. A first question that might pop into your mind is: “How in the world do I add these assets to one another?”

It is immediately clear that for financial statements to be meaningful, amounts of dissimilar items must be stated in similar units. Money becomes the obvious choice of “similar units”. By converting different kinds of objects into monetary amounts, they can be dealt with arithmetically. This is called the “money-measurement concept” and is a fundamental principle of accounting.

This is great, but the problem is not yet solved. An asset may be recorded in dollars and cents (or whatever currency is appropriate for the country in which you live), but at what value? If I were allowed to choose the value I thought was appropriate for my assets, my tendency would be to state their value at the highest amount possible. That way, my financial statement would indicate that my business was strong, healthy, and worth a lot of money. Remember the “accounting equation”:

ASSETS – LIABILITIES = EQUITY

Higher assets mean higher equity. Wonderful, but what if I’m wrong? My banker and my investors are trusting that my financial statements are stated accurately. Furthermore, it is not reasonable to expect that every reader of my financial statements can or should have to appraise my assets.

In order to avoid the subjectivity of market value, an objective way of valuing assets had to be established. This was solved by using the “historical cost” concept. This concept states that the numbers reported on accounting financial statements shall be recorded at the amount that was actually paid for an asset, i.e., historical cost. Therefore, accounting does not record what an asset is actually worth, that is, its market value. This works out okay because most businesses are using their assets to conduct operations and are not trying to sell them. When a business offers an asset for sale, or perhaps the entire business, an appraisal to determine fair-market-value of the assets must be performed.

So we (preparers of financial statements) are going to use money as a measurement system and we will record our assets at the amount actually paid for them. This will keep us out of trouble and make it easier to understand what others are doing.